WSPN Virus (.WSPN File) πŸ” Decrypt & Removal Guide

Written by Brendan Smith
The Wspn virus, known as a ransomware infection, is part of the STOP family. This malware is known for malignant file encryption operations. When the Wspn virus gets into a computer, it scans the system for files such as photos, videos, documents, and more. It modifies the file structure and adds the “wspn” extension to each file, making them unusable without the decryption.

What Is Wspn Virus?

Wspn

πŸ€” Wspn virus is ransomware that belongs to the DJVU/STOP family. Its primary purpose is to encrypt files that are important to you. After that ransomware virus asks its victims to pay the ransom – ($490 – $980) in Bitcoin.

The Wspn virus is a malicious program that ciphers your files and forces you to pay for their recovery. This ransomware encrypts various file types. Encrypted files can be identified by a distinct “wspn” extension. The files touched by ransomware become inaccessible and unusable. Then, the ransomware demands a file decryption payment in Bitcoin from the victims, that ranges from $490 to $980, depending on the time passed after the attack. Typically, a text file with ransom payment guidances is named as “_readme.txt“.

Wspn Ransomware uses Salsa20 encryption algorithms to scramble the contents of the targeted files. Since Wspn virus utilizes such a strong ciphering method, it becomes particularly hard, if even possible, to pick the decryption key without the assistance of the attackers.

Once Wspn malware finishes the encryption, it shows a ransom note to the victim, demanding a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key. The ransom note contains instructions on how to pay off the bill and often includes threats of data loss or increased ransom amounts if the ransom is not paid within a specified timeframe.

I have created a comprehensive list of the solutions, advice, and methods to disable the Wspn ransomware and recover access to your files. There are cases where you can decrypt the files, while sometimes, it may be impossible.

Brendan Smith
Brendan Smith
IT Security Expert
First, perform a PC scan using an antivirus tool!
I will assist you in removing the Wspn virus and guide you through the process of decrypting or restoring encrypted files. Below, you will find several universally applicable methods to recover encrypted wspn files. It is crucial to thoroughly read and comprehend the entire set of instructions. Do not skip any steps. Each step is of utmost importance and must be completed by you.
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πŸ“Œ Important Note!

It is critical to voice that paying off the ransom is not a guarantee of the successful files recovery. The scoundrels who stand behind the Wspn virus are known for their untrustworthiness. There have been instances where people have paid the ransom, only to be denied by the cybercriminals with the decryption key provision.

Wspn uses a unique key for each victim, with one exception:

  • If Wspn fails to establish a connection with its command and control server (C&C Server) before starting the encryption process, it resorts to using offline keys. This key is not unique and is the same for all users, which allows for the decryption of files encrypted by the ransomware.

The Wspn virus is similar to other DJVU ransomware samples like Wsaz, Wsuu, Kitu, and Kizu. This virus encrypts a wide range of common file types and appends its distinct “wspn” extension to all files. For instance, a file named “1.jpg” would be altered to “1.jpg.wspn” and “2.png” to “2.png.wspn“. Upon successful encryption, the virus creates a special text file named “_readme.txt” and places it in every folder containing the encrypted files.

The image below provides a visual representation of files with the “wspn” extension:

Wspn Virus - encrypted wspn files

Encrypted Files by STOP/DJVU Ransomware

NameWspn Virus
Ransomware family1DJVU/STOP2 ransomware
Extension.wspn
Ransomware note_readme.txt
RansomFrom $490 to $980 (in Bitcoins)
Contactsupport@fishmail.top, datarestorehelp@airmail.cc
DetectionTrojan:MSIL/AsyncRat.ABJU!MTB, MSIL/TrojanDownloader.Agent.GMJ, Ransom:Win32/KeepLock.A
Symptoms
  • Disables Volume Shadow copies, making victim’s attempts to restore data futile;
  • Installs password-stealing Trojan on the system, like Vidar Stealer or RedLine Stealer;
  • Successfully installs a SmokeLoader backdoor for remote access;
  • Updates the HOSTS file with a list of domains to block access to certain security-related sites;
  • Implements encryption to lock most of your files (photos, videos, documents) and adds a particular “.wspn” extension;
Fix Tool To remove possible malware infections, scan your PC:


6-day free trial available.

This message asking payment is for restore files via decryption key:

_readme.txt (STOP/DJVU Ransomware)

_readme.txt (STOP/DJVU Ransomware) – The alarming alert demanding users to pay off the ransom to unlock the encoded data contains these annoying cautions.

Wspn ransomware arrives as a set of procedures that are meant to carry out different functions on a victim’s computer. One of the first ones being launched is winupdate.exe, a deceptive process that displays a fake Windows update pop-up during the attack. That is needed to convince the victim that a sudden system slowdown is caused by a Windows update. But simultaneously, the ransomware runs another process (which name commonly consists of 4 random characters) which initiates scanning the computer for target files and encrypting them. Next, the ransomware removes Volume Shadow Copies from the disk using the following CMD command:

vssadmin.exe Delete Shadows /All /Quiet

Once deleted, it becomes impossible to restore the previous computer state using System Restore Points. The problem is, ransomware operators are getting rid of any built-in Windows techniques that could assist the victim to restore files for free. In addition, the rascals modify the Windows HOSTS file by appending a list of domains to it and mapping them to the localhost IP. As a result, the victim will witness a DNS_PROBE_FINISHED_NXDOMAIN error when trying to open one of the blocked websites.

We noticed that ransomware attempts to block websites that post various how-to guides for computer users. It is evident that by limiting specific domains, the crooks are attempting to prevent the victim from connecting to relevant and helpful ransomware-attack-related information online. Malware also saves two .txt files on the victim’s computer that present particulars related to the attack – the public key of this victim and personal ID. These two files are named bowsakkdestx.txt and PersonalID.txt.

Wspn ransomware virus saves public encryption key and victim's id in bowsakkdestx.txt file

After all these modifications, the malware doesn’t halt. Variants of STOP/DJVU have a tendency to deploy Vidar password-stealing Trojan on compromised systems. This threat possesses an huge list of capabilities, including:

  • Manipulating and viewing files on the victim’s computer without their knowledge.
  • Extracting sensitive information such as browser cookies, saved passwords, and browsing history.
  • Obtaining unauthorized access to login credentials of Steam, Telegram, and Skype.
  • Granting the hackers remote control over the victim’s computer for various malicious activities.
  • Stealing cryptocurrency wallets from the victim’s system.
  • Gathering sensitive data by running malicious software on the victim’s computer.

The encryption algorithm used by DJVU/STOP virus is AES-256. So, once your data is encrypted with an online decryption key, the possibility to get your files back without paying the ransom are quite low. Thing is, the key is unique for each victim, and brute forcing it will take exceptionally big amount of time.

Obtaining the online key in another way is also nearly impossible. It is kept on a remote server owned by the crooks who promote the Wspn malware. For receiving decryption key the payment should be $980. To obtain the payment details, the victims should contact the fraudsters by email (support@fishmail.top).

The message by the ransomware states the following information:

ATTENTION!

Don't worry, you can return all your files!

All your files like photos, databases, documents and other important are encrypted with strongest encryption and unique key.
The only method of recovering files is to purchase decrypt tool and unique key for you.
This software will decrypt all your encrypted files.

What guarantees you have?

You can send one of your encrypted file from your PC and we decrypt it for free.
But we can decrypt only 1 file for free. File must not contain valuable information.

You can get and look video overview decrypt tool:

https://we.tl/t-WJa63R98Ku

Price of private key and decrypt software is $980.
Discount 50% available if you contact us first 72 hours, that's price for you is $490.

Please note that you'll never restore your data without payment.

Check your e-mail "Spam" or "Junk" folder if you don't get answer more than 6 hours.

To get this software you need write on our e-mail:

support@fishmail.top

Reserve e-mail address to contact us:

datarestorehelp@airmail.cc

Your personal ID:
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Do not pay the ransom!

Please, try to use the available backups, or Decrypter tool

_readme.txt file also demands that the computer owners should contact the hackers’ representatives during 72 hours since the file encryption. If user contacts hackers during 72 hours, hackers grant a 50% off. Thus the ransom amount will be minimized down to $490. Yet, stay away from paying off the ransom! I strongly recommend that you do not contact these fraudsters and do not pay. An efficient solution to recover the lost data is just using the available backups, or using Decrypter tool from Emsisoft.

The distinctiveness of all such viruses is the application a similar set of actions for generating the unique decryption key to recover the ciphered data. Thus, unless the ransomware is still in development or exhibits some hard-to-track flaws, manually recovering the ciphered data is a thing you can’t perform. The sole remedy to prevent the loss of your valuable data is to regularly make backups of your crucial files.

Note that even if you do maintain such backups regularly, they must be kept into a specific location without loitering, not being connected to your main workstation. For instance, the backup may be kept on the USB flash drive or some substitute external hard drive storage. Alternatively, you may rely to the help of online (cloud) information storage.

Unnecessary to mention, when you maintain your backup data on your regular device, it may be ciphered together with other data. For this reason, storing the backup on your main computer is surely not a wise idea.

How I was infected?

Ransomware has a various methods to built into your system. But it doesn’t really matter what way had place in your case.

Wspn ransomware attack

Ransomware attack following a successful phishing attempt.

Nevertheless, these are the common leaks through which it may be injected into your PC:

  • Utilizing online free hosting resources to distribute the virus discreetly.
  • Disguising the virus installer within other apps, particularly utilities offered as freeware or shareware.
  • Propagation through spam emails containing dubious links leading to the virus installation.
  • Downloading pirated software from illegal peer-to-peer (P2P) resources, which may include hidden malware.

Some incidents occurred when the Wspn virus was disguised as a legit procedure, for example, the messages requesting to install a browser update or a vastly needed codec for online media playback. This is commonly the way how some online deceptions aim to force you into install the ransomware manually, by actually making you directly involve in this process.

Surely, the bogus update alert will not indicate that you are going to actually embed the virus. This installation will be disguised under some alert stating that you must install an urgent security update or some questionable program whatsoever.

Certainly, the software cracks represent the harm as well. Using P2P is illegal and may end up with the injection of serious malware, including the Wspn ransomware.

To sum up, what can you do to prevent the penetration of the ransomware into your computer? Even though there is no 100% assurance to thwart your PC from getting infected, there are some tips I want to give you to avert the Wspn penetration. You must be careful while installing free software today.

Make sure you always read what the installer offers aside from the main free program. Stay away from launching questionable email attachments. Do not run files from the unknown recipients. Of course, your current anti-malware software must always be updated.

The malware does not show itself openly. It will not be mentioned in the list of your available programs. However, it will be masked under some malevolent process running consistently in the background, starting from the moment when you launch your computer.

How To Remove Ransomware?

In addition to secure a victim’s files, the Djvu ransomware has also installed the Vidar Stealer on PC to snatch account credentials, crypto wallets, desktop files, and more.

Remove Wspn Virus with Gridinsoft Anti-Malware

We have also been using this software on our systems ever since, and it has always been successful in detecting viruses. It has blocked the most common Ransomware as shown from our tests with the software, and we assure you that it can remove Wspn Virus as well as other malware hiding on your computer.

Gridinsoft Anti-Malware - Main Screen

To use Gridinsoft for remove malicious threats, follow the steps below:

1. Begin by downloading Gridinsoft Anti-Malware, accessible via the blue button below or directly from the official website gridinsoft.com.

2.Once the Gridinsoft setup file (setup-gridinsoft-fix.exe) is downloaded, execute it by clicking on the file.

setup-gridinsoft-fix.exe

3.Follow the installation setup wizard's instructions diligently.

Gridinsoft Setup Wizard

4. Access the "Scan Tab" on the application's start screen and launch a comprehensive "Full Scan" to examine your entire computer. This inclusive scan encompasses the memory, startup items, the registry, services, drivers, and all files, ensuring that it detects malware hidden in all possible locations.

Scan for Wspn Virus Ransomware

Be patient, as the scan duration depends on the number of files and your computer's hardware capabilities. Use this time to relax or attend to other tasks.

5. Upon completion, Anti-Malware will present a detailed report containing all the detected malicious items and threats on your PC.

The Wspn Virus was Found

6. Select all the identified items from the report and confidently click the "Clean Now" button. This action will safely remove the malicious files from your computer, transferring them to the secure quarantine zone of the anti-malware program to prevent any further harmful actions.

The Wspn Virus has been removed

8. If prompted, restart your computer to finalize the full system scan procedure. This step is crucial to ensure thorough removal of any remaining threats. After the restart, Gridinsoft Anti-Malware will open and display a message confirming the completion of the scan.

Remember Gridinsoft offers a 6-day free trial. This means you can take advantage of the trial period at no cost to experience the full benefits of the software and prevent any future malware infections on your system. Embrace this opportunity to fortify your computer's security without any financial commitment.

Trojan Killer for “Wspn Virus” removal on locked PC

In situations where it becomes impossible to download antivirus applications directly onto the infected computer due to malware blocking access to websites, an alternative solution is to utilize the Trojan Killer application.

Trojan Killer - Main View

There is a really little number of security tools that are able to be set up on the USB drives, and antiviruses that can do so in most cases require to obtain quite an expensive license. For this instance, I can recommend you to use another solution of GridinSoft - Trojan Killer Portable. It has a 14-days cost-free trial mode that offers the entire features of the paid version. This term will definitely be 100% enough to wipe malware out.

Trojan Killer is a valuable tool in your cybersecurity arsenal, helping you to effectively remove malware from infected computers. Now, we will walk you through the process of using Trojan Killer from a USB flash drive to scan and remove malware on an infected PC. Remember, always obtain permission to scan and remove malware from a computer that you do not own.

Step 1: Download & Install Trojan Killer on a Clean Computer:

1. Go to the official GridinSoft website (gridinsoft.com) and download Trojan Killer to a computer that is not infected.

Download Trojan Killer

2. Insert a USB flash drive into this computer.

3. Install Trojan Killer to the "removable drive" following the on-screen instructions.

Install Trojan Killer to Removable Drive

4. Once the installation is complete, launch Trojan Killer.

Step 2: Update Signature Databases:

5. After launching Trojan Killer, ensure that your computer is connected to the Internet.

6. Click "Update" icon to download the latest signature databases, which will ensure the tool can detect the most recent threats.

Click Update Button

Step 3: Scan the Infected PC:

7. Safely eject the USB flash drive from the clean computer.

8. Boot the infected computer to the Safe Mode.

9. Insert the USB flash drive.

10. Run tk.exe

11. Once the program is open, click on "Full Scan" to begin the malware scanning process.

Searching Wspn Virus Virus

Step 4: Remove Found Threats:

12. After the scan is complete, Trojan Killer will display a list of detected threats.

Searching Wspn Virus Finished

13. Click on "Cure PC!" to remove the identified malware from the infected PC.

14. Follow any additional on-screen prompts to complete the removal process.

Restart needed

Step 5: Restart Your Computer:

15. Once the threats are removed, click on "Restart PC" to reboot your computer.

16. Remove the USB flash drive from the infected computer.

Congratulations on effectively removing Wspn Virus and the concealed threats from your computer! You can now have peace of mind, knowing that they won't resurface again. Thanks to Gridinsoft's capabilities and commitment to cybersecurity, your system is now protected.

How To Decrypt .wspn Files?

How to restore big files?

Try deleting .wspn extension on a few big files and opening them. This malware has issues with large files encryption. Either the virus accessed and did not encrypt the file, or it failed and did not add the filemarker. If your files are very large (2GB+), the latter is most likely. Please, let me know in comments if that will work for you.

The newest extensions released around the end of August 2019 after the criminals made changes. This includes Wsaz, Wsuu, Kitu etc.

As a consequence of the modifications made by the criminals, STOPDecrypter is no longer supported. It has been replaced with the Emsisoft Decryptor for STOP Djvu Ransomware developed by Emsisoft.

You can download free decryption tool here: Decryptor for STOP Djvu.

  1. Download and run decryption tool.

    Start downloading the decryption tool.

    Make sure to launch the decryption utility as an administrator. You need to agree with the license terms that will come up. For this purpose, click on the “Yes” button:

    Emsisoft Decryptor - license terms

    As soon as you accept the license terms, the main decryptor user interface comes up:

    Emsisoft Decryptor - user interface

  2. Select folders for decryption.

    Based on the default configurations, the decryptor will by default choose the available directories in order to decrypt the currently reachable drives (the connected ones), including the network drives. You can choose additional locations with the “Add” button.

    Decryptors usually offer several options considering the specific malware family. The present possible options are presented in the Options tab and can be enabled or disabled there. You may find a detailed list of the currently active Options below.

  3. Click on the “Decrypt” button.

    As soon as you add all the desired locations for decryption into the list, click on the “Decrypt” button in order to initiate the decryption procedure.

    Note that the main screen may turn you to a status view, letting you know of the active process and the decryption statistics of your data:

    Emsisoft Decryptor - the decryption statistics

    The decryptor will notify you as soon as the decryption procedure is completed. If you need the report for your personal papers, you can save it by choosing the “Save log” button. Note that it is also possible to copy it directly to your clipboard and to paste it into emails or messages here if you need to do so.

The Emsisoft Decryptor might display different messages after a failed attempt to restore your files:

βœ“ Error: Unable to decrypt file with ID: [your ID]
There is no corresponding decryption key in the Emsisoft decryptor’s database.
βœ“ No key for New Variant online ID: [your ID]
Notice: this ID appears to be an online ID, decryption is impossible
Your original files were encrypted with an online key. There is no one to share the decryption key with you. File recovery without paying the ransom is impossible. πŸ™
βœ“ Result: No key for new variant offline ID: [example ID]
This ID appears be an offline ID. Decryption may be possible in the future.
Malware used an offline key, but files could not be restored (the offline decryption key isn’t available yet). Nonetheless, receiving this message is good news for you, because it might be possible to restore your files in the future. πŸ™‚
It can take a few weeks or months until the decryption key gets found and uploaded to the decryptor. Please follow updates regarding the decryptable DJVU versions here.
βœ“ Remote name could not be resolved
This stands for a DNS issues. Our first recommendation is to reset your HOSTS file back to default.

How to Restore .wspn Files?

In some case ransomware is not doom for your files…

The Wspn ransomware encryption mechanism feature is next: it encodes every file byte-by-byte, then saves a duplicate, deleting (not overriding!) the original file. Thus, the information of the file location on the disk drive is lost, but the original file is not removed from the drive. The cell, or the sector where this file was kept, can still keep this file, but it is absent in the file system and can be overwritten by data that has been loaded to this disk after the deletion. Hence, it is possible to restore your files using special software.

I recently had my pc infected by the this virus. It managed to bypass 2 Antivirus software and 2 malware fighters.

Anyway, after realizing it was an online algorithm, it is impossible to retrieve my encrypted files. I also had my backup drive plugged in at the time of the virus, and this was also infected, or so I thought. Every folder within my backup drive had been infected and was encrypted. However, despite losing some important files, I retrieved almost 80% of my 2TB storage.

When I started going through the folders, I noticed the readme.txt ransom note in every folder. I opened some of the folders and found that all files that were not in a subfolder within that folder had been encrypted. However, I found a flaw and glimmer of hope when I went into the subfolders in other folders and found that these files had not been encrypted. Every folder within my c and d drives, including subfolders, had been encrypted, but this was not the case with the backup drive. Having subfolders created within a folder has saved 80% of my data.

As I said, I believe this to be only a small loophole on a backup drive. I’ve since found a further 10 % of my data on another hard drive on a different pc. So my advice is if you use a backup drive, create subfolders. I was lucky, I guess. But I was also unlucky that the virus hit as I was transferring some files from my backup.

Hopefully, this can help some other people in my situation.

Jamie Newland
Some pointers for recovery repair of Wspn files (true for all STOP/DJVU variants):

  • I have seen Stop/Djvu variants fail to encrypt deeper nested folders, so that you can check that. You may find those are not encrypted.
  • This ransomware saves encrypted data to a new file, deletes the original. So there’s a slight chance part of that deleted file can be recovered using file recovery software. It’s unlikely the folder structure can be restored, so a free tool like PhotoRec may be as good as any.
  • This ransomware only partially encrypts (about the first 150 KB), so depending on file size and type of data, the not encrypted part may be recoverable.
  • Joep

    Recovering your files with PhotoRec

    PhotoRec is an free program, which is initially created for file retrieval from damaged disks, or for file retrieval in case if they are unintentionally deleted. However, with time flow, this program got the ability to restore the files of 400 different file types. Hence, it can be used for file restoration after the Wspn attack.

    First, you need to download this app. It is 100% free, but the developer states that there is no assurance that your files will be restored. PhotoRec is spread in a pack with other tool of the same developer – TestDisk. The downloaded archive will have TestDisk name, but don’t worry. PhotoRec files are right inside.

    To run PhotoRec, find and open “qphotorec_win.exe” file. No setup is needed – the program has all the files it need inside of the archive, hence, you can mount it on your USB drive, and help your friends/parents/anyone who has been attacked by Wspn ransomware.

    PhotoRec file in the folder for restore Wspn files

    Upon the start, you will see the screen showing you the full list of your disk spaces. However, this details are probably futile, because the required menu is placed a bit higher. Click this menu, then choose the disk which was attacked by ransomware.

    Choose the disc in PhotoRec

    After choosing the disk, you need to opt for the destination folder for the recovered files. This menu is located at the lower part of the PhotoRec window. The best choice is to export them on USB drive or any other type of removable disk.

    Choosing the destination folder of recovery Wspn files

    Then, you need to indicate the file formats. This feature is located at the bottom, too. As it was mentioned, PhotoRec can regain the files of about 400 different formats.

    Choose the file format

    Finally, you can begin files retrieval by pressing the “Search” button. You will observe the screen where the outcomes of the scan and recovery are shown.

    Recovery process

    Recovery of Encrypted Files


    Frequently Asked Questions

    πŸ€” How can I open “.wspn” files?

    No way. These files are encrypted by ransomware. The contents of encrypted files are not available until they are decrypted.

    πŸ€” Encrypted files contain important information. How can I decrypt them urgently?

    If your data remained in the .wspn files are very valuable, then most likely you made a backup copy.
    If not, then you can try to restore them through the system function – Restore Point.
    All other methods will require patience.

    πŸ€” You have advised using GridinSoft Anti-Malware to remove Wspn. Does this mean that the program will delete my encrypted files?

    Of course not. Your encrypted files do not pose a threat to the computer. What happened has already happened.

    You need GridinSoft Anti-Malware to remove active system infections. The virus that encrypted your files is most likely still active and periodically runs a test for the ability to encrypt even more files. Also, these viruses install keyloggers and backdoors for further malicious actions (for example, theft of passwords, credit cards) often.

    πŸ€” This virus has blocked infected PC: I can’t get the activation code.

    In this situation, you need to prepare the memory stick with a pre-installed Trojan Killer.

    πŸ€” Decryptor did not decrypt all my files, or not all of them were decrypted. What should I do?

    Have patience. You are infected with the new version of STOP/DJVU ransomware, and decryption keys have not yet been released. Follow the news on our website.

    We will keep you posted on when new keys or new decryption programs appear.

    πŸ€” What can I do right now?

    The Wspn ransomware encrypts only the first 150KB of files. So MP3 files are rather large, some media players (Winamp for example) may be able to play the files, but – the first 3-5 seconds (the encrypted portion) will be missing.

    You can try to find a copy of an original file that was encrypted:

    • Files you downloaded from the Internet that were encrypted and you can download again to get the original.
    • Pictures that you shared with family and friends that they can just send back to you.
    • Photos that you uploaded on social media or cloud services like Carbonite, OneDrive, iDrive, Google Drive, etc
    • Attachments in emails you sent or received and saved.
    • Files on an older computer, flash drive, external drive, camera memory card, or iPhone where you transferred data to the infected computer.

    If the guide doesn’t help you to remove infection, please download the GridinSoft Anti-Malware that I recommended. Do not forget to share your experience in solving the problem. Please leave a comment here! This can help other victims to understand they are not alone. And together we will find ways to deal with this issue.

    I need your help to share this article.

    It is your turn to help other people. I have written this guide to help people like you. You can use buttons below to share this on your favorite social media Facebook, Twitter, or Reddit.
    Brendan Smith
    How To Restore & Decrypt .WSPN Files?

    Name: WSPN Ransomware

    Description: The WSPN Virus belongs to the STOP/DJVU family of ransomware infections. This malicious software encrypts various file types, including videos, photos, and documents, which become identifiable by a distinct wspn extension. As a result, the affected files become inaccessible and unusable. Subsequently, the WSPN ransomware demands a ransom payment in Bitcoin from its victims, ranging from $490 to $980.

    Operating System: Windows

    Application Category: Virus

    Sending
    User Review
    4.31 (16 votes)
    Comments Rating 0 (0 reviews)

    References

    1. My files are encrypted by ransomware, what should I do now?
    2. About DJVU (STOP) Ransomware.

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    About the author

    Brendan Smith

    I'm Brendan Smith, a passionate journalist, researcher, and web content developer. With a keen interest in computer technology and security, I specialize in delivering high-quality content that educates and empowers readers in navigating the digital landscape.

    With a focus on computer technology and security, I am committed to sharing my knowledge and insights to help individuals and organizations protect themselves in the digital age. My expertise in cybersecurity principles, data privacy, and best practices allows me to provide practical tips and advice that readers can implement to enhance their online security.

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